Notre Dame de Rouen. The façade of the Gothic Church in France. Photographer: Hippo1947. Licence: SHUTTERSTOCK.

Saturday 31 December 2016

"Te Deum". A Plenary Indulgence Is Granted, Under The Usual Conditions, To Those Who Recite It In Public On New Year's Eve.


Text from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia,
unless otherwise stated.





"Te Deum"
Stained-Glass Window,
by Christopher Whall.
Saint Mary-The-Virgin,
Ware, Hertfordshire, England.
Author: Barking Tigs
(Wikimedia Commons)




"Te Deum".
5th-Century A.D.,
Solemn Monastic Chant.
Available on YouTube at





The Latin and English Lyrics,
of the "Te Deum", below, are from



Te Deum laudámus:
te Dominum confitémur.

Te ætérnum Patrem
omnis terra venerátur.
Tibi omnes Angeli;

tibi cæli et univérsae potestátes.
Tibi Chérubim et Séraphim
incessábili voce proclámant:


Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus,
Dóminus Deus Sábaoth.
Pleni sunt cæli et terra
majestátis glóriæ tuæ.

Te gloriósus
Apostolórum chorus;
Te Prophetárum
laudábilis númerus;

Te Mártyrum
candidátus laudat exércitus.
Te per orbem terrárum
sancta confitétur Ecclésia:


Patrem
imménsæ majestátis;
Venerándum tuum verum
et únicum Fílium;

Sanctum quoque
Paráclitum Spíritum.
Tu Rex glóriæ,
Christe.

Tu Patris
sempitérnus es Fílius.
Tu ad liberándum susceptúrus hóminem,
non horruísti Vírginis úterum.


Tu, devícto mortis acúleo,
aperuísti credéntibus regna cælórum.
Tu ad déxteram Dei sedes,
in glória Patris.

Judex créderis
esse ventúrus.
Te ergo quǽsumus, tuis fámulis súbveni,
quos pretióso sánguine redemísti.
Ætérna fac cum sanctis tuis
in glória numerári.


[added later, mainly from Psalm Verses:]

Salvum fac pópulum tuum, Dómine,
et bénedic hæreditáti tuæ.
Et rege eos,
et extólle illos usque in ætérnum.

Per síngulos dies
benedícimus te.
Et laudámus nomen tuum in sǽculum,
et in sǽculum sǽculi.


Dignáre, Dómine, die isto
sine peccáto nos custodíre.
Miserére nostri, Dómine,
miserére nostri.

Fiat misericórdia tua, Dómine, super nos,
quemádmodum sperávimus in te.
In te, Dómine, sperávi:
non confúndar in ætérnum.




during the Celebration of Independence Day 2009.
durante la celebración de las Fiestas Patrias 2009.
Date: 18 September 2009.
Source: Originally posted to Flickr as Eduardo Frei en Te Deum Ecuménico.
(Wikimedia Commons)




O GOD, we praise Thee:
we acknowledge Thee to be The Lord.

Everlasting Father, all The Earth doth Worship Thee.
To Thee, all The Angels, The Heavens and all The Powers,
all The Cherubim and Seraphim, unceasingly proclaim:

Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Hosts !
Heaven and Earth are full of The Majesty of Thy Glory.
The Glorious Choir of The Apostles,


the Wonderful Company of Prophets,
the White-Robed Army of Martyrs, praise Thee.
Holy Church throughout the World doth acknowledge Thee:

The Father of Infinite Majesty;
Thy Adorable, True and Only Son;
and The Holy Spirit, The Comforter.

O Christ, Thou art The King of Glory !
Thou art The Everlasting Son of The Father.
Thou, having taken it upon Thyself to deliver man,
didst not disdain The Virgin's Womb.




Thou overcame the sting of death
and hast opened to believers The Kingdom of Heaven.
Thou sittest at The Right-Hand of God, in The Glory of The Father.
We believe that Thou shalt come to be our Judge.

We beseech Thee, therefore, to help Thy servants
whom Thou hast redeemed with Thy Precious Blood.
Make them to be numbered with Thy Saints in everlasting glory.


V. Save Thy people, O Lord, and Bless Thine inheritance !
R. Govern them, and raise them up forever.

V. Every day, we thank Thee.
R. And we Praise Thy Name forever, yea, forever and ever.

V. O Lord, deign to keep us from sin this day.
R. Have mercy on us, O Lord, have mercy on us.

V. Let Thy mercy, O Lord, be upon us, for we have hoped in Thee.
R. O Lord, in Thee I have hoped; let me never be put to shame.





"Te Deum Laudamus", 
Chorbogen, 1901.
Source: Abbildung in: Die Christliche Kunst, 6. Jg. 1909–1910, VI. Heft (Februar 1910), http://www.archive.org/details/diechristlicheku06geseuoft ,
Author: Gebhard Fugel (1863–1939).
(Wikimedia Commons)

Monks of one of the Abbeys of The Solesmes Congregation sing this beautiful Chant. The Te Deum is attributed to two Fathers and Doctors of The Church, Saint Ambrose and Saint Augustine and is one of the most majestic Chants in The Liturgy of The Church.

It is sung in Traditional Seminaries and Monastic Houses at The Divine Office and for Double Feasts of The First-Class, The Nativity, Easter, Corpus Christi, Epiphany, Pentecost and those Feasts which have an Octave. The Solemn Te Deum is sung on all occasions of public Church rejoicing (in Traditional Catholic Churches).



Lithograph of a "Te Deum".


Celebrated by Arch-Priest Gratinskij,
Knights Guards Regiment, Moscow,
in the presence of French soldiers.
Paroisse Sainte Evpla.
15 September 1812 (Julian Calendar).
Source: Lithographie ancienne en ma possession, non datée.
Author: Unknown.
(Wikimedia Commons)

The Te Deum (also known as Ambrosian Hymn or A Song of The Church) is an Early-Christian Hymn of Praise. The Title is taken from its opening Latin words, Te Deum laudamus, rendered as "Thee, O God, we Praise".

The Hymn remains in regular use in The Catholic Church in The Office of Readings, found in The Liturgy of The Hours, and In Thanksgiving to God for a special Blessing, such as the Election of a Pope, the Consecration of a Bishop, the Canonisation of a Saint, a Religious Profession, the publication of a Treaty of Peace, a Royal Coronation, etc. It is sung either after Mass or The Divine Office or as a separate Religious Ceremony. The Hymn also remains in use in The Anglican Communion and some Lutheran Churches in similar settings.


In The Traditional Office, The Te Deum is sung at the end of Matins on all days when the Gloria is said at Mass; those days are all Sundays outside Advent, Septuagesima, Lent, and Passiontide; on all Feasts (except The Triduum) and on all Ferias during Eastertide. Before the 1962 reforms, neither the Gloria nor the Te Deum were said on The Feast of The Holy Innocents, unless it fell on Sunday, as they were Martyred before The Death of Christ and, therefore, could not immediately attain The Beatific Vision. A Plenary Indulgence is granted, under the usual conditions, to those who recite it in public on New Year's Eve.

In The Liturgy of The Hours, of Pope Paul VI, The Te Deum is sung at the end of The Office of Readings on all Sundays, except those of Lent, on all Solemnities, on The Octaves of Easter and Christmas, and on all Feasts. It is also used, together with the standard Canticles in Morning Prayer, as prescribed in The Anglican Book of Common Prayer, in Matins, for Lutherans, and is retained by many Churches of The Reformed Tradition.

Saint Sylvester. Pope And Confessor. Feast Day, Today, 31 December.


Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Sylvester I.
Pope and Confessor.
Feast Day 31 December.

Double.

White Vestments.


English: Pope Saint Sylvester I and Emperor Constantine.
San Silvestro Chapel at Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome, Italy.
עברית: דוד שי מאשדוד הוא היה הסילבסטר הוא היה מרביץ ליהודים ושובר להם את הרגליים
Date: 1247.
Author: Unknown Mediaeval artist in Rome, Italy.
(Wikimedia Commons)

If 31 December falls on a Sunday, The Mass of The Sunday within The Octave of The Nativity of Our Lord is said, with a Commemoration of Saint Sylvester.

The Church reproduces in her Liturgy all phases of The Life of her Divine Founder.

When only just born, The Infant God is persecuted by Herod: The Church, still in her cradle, sends to Heaven her First Martyr in the person of the Deacon, Stephen, and her First Twenty-Five Popes die Martyrs.


English: The Oratory of Saint Sylvester,
at the Basilica Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome, Italy.
Italiano: Roma, Santi Quattro Coronati: oratorio di S. Silvestro.
Photo: 21 May 2008.
Source: Own work.
Author: Lalupa.
(Wikimedia Commons)

Returned from Egypt, Jesus grows in age and wisdom at Nazareth, where the years pass in quietness: Under the Pontificate of Sylvester I (314 A.D. - 345 A.D.), The Church, after three hundred years of Persecution, begins to enjoy liberty, which is her greatest boon.

She spreads in The Roman Empire, and The Council of Nicea (325 A.D.) establishes triumphantly, against Arius, The Doctrine of The Divinity of The Saviour, of which The Liturgy of The Season of Christmas is full.

At The First Council of Nicea, The Breviary tells us, The Catholic Faith on the subject of The Divinity of Christ was explained by three hundred and eighteen Bishops; Arius and his sect being condemned. At the request of The Fathers, Sylvester confirmed again this Council in a Synod held at Rome, and in which Arius was condemned again.


English: "Christ in Glory" fresco
in the Oratory of Saint Sylvester,
at the Basilica Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome, Italy.
Italiano: Roma, Santi Quattro Coronati: oratorio di S. Silvestro -
storie di Costantino e Silvestro (XIII sec.).
Photo: 21 May 2008.
Source: Own work.
Author: Lalupa.
(Wikimedia Commons)

According to the legend of The Breviary, Sylvester decreed also that the Bishop alone should consecrate the Chrism; that, in the administration of Baptism, the Priest should anoint with The Holy Oils the crown of the head of the person being Baptised; that Deacons should wear the Dalmatic and have a Maniple of linen on the left arm; and, finally, that The Sacrifice of The Mass should be offered up upon an Altar Cloth of linen.

He fixed also a certain period for those who should receive Holy Orders, during which they must exercise successively their Order in The Church, before being raised to a higher degree.

Sylvester ruled The Church twenty-one and a half years. He was buried in the Cemetery of Priscilla on The Salarian Way.

Every Parish Priest celebrates Mass for the people of his Parish.


English: Emperor Constantine, suffering from leprosy,
dreams of Saints Peter and Paul.
Fresco in The Oratory of Saint Sylvester,
at the Basilica Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome, Italy.
Italiano: Roma, Santi Quattro Coronati, oratorio di S. Silvestro:
Costantino, colpito da lebbra, sogna i santi Pietro e Paolo.
Photo: 21 May 2008.
Source: Own work.
Author: Lalupa.
(Wikimedia Commons)

The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia.

Pope Sylvester I (+ 31 December 335 A.D.), whose name is also spelled "Silvester", was the Head of The Catholic Church from 31 January 314 A.D., to his death in 335 A.D. He succeeded Pope Miltiades. He filled The See of Rome at an important era in the history of The Catholic Church, yet very little is known of him.

The accounts of his Papacy, preserved in The Liber Pontificalis (7th- or 8th-Century A.D.), contain little more than a record of the gifts said to have been conferred on The Church by Emperor Constantine I, but it does say that he was the son of a Roman, named Rufinus.

During his Pontificate, were built the great Churches founded at Rome by Constantine, e.g. the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Saint Peter's Basilica, and several Cemeterial Churches over the graves of Martyrs.

Sylvester did not attend The First Council of Nicaea, in 325 A.D., but he was represented by two Legates, Vitus and Vincentius, and he approved The Council's decision.

Mass: Sacerdótes tui, Dómine.
Second Collect: Of The Octave of The Nativity of Our Lord.
Epistle: Testificor.
Gospel: Sint lumbi.
Creed.
Preface: For Christmas.
Communicantes: For Christmas.

Friday 30 December 2016

You Know How Some People Like To Illuminate Their House Around Christmas . . .



Seen in Ramsgate Harbour, Kent,
Published with permission of The Skipper.

An Inspiration To All Sacristans. Saint Thérèse Of Lisieux.



Saint Thérèse Of Lisieux as Sacristan.
Illustration: PINTEREST

Sunday Within The Octave Of The Nativity Of Our Lord.


Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Sunday within The Octave of The Nativity of Our Lord.

Semi-Double.

White Vestments.




"The Word was made flesh and dwelt amongst us".
Artist: Rene de Cramer.
“Copyright Brunelmar/Ghent/Belgium”.
Used with Permission.

This Mass is said on the Sunday, if this falls on 29 December, 30 December, or 31 December. In this case, every Parish Priest Celebrates Mass for the people of his Parish.

It is said on 30 December (a weekday), if the Sunday falls on 25, 26, 27, or 28

The Mass tells us that "The Word that came down from Heaven during the night" (Introit) of Christmas is "The Son of God Who has come that we might participate of His heritage and receive the adoption of sons" (Epistle).

Before His coming, man was as "a child, who, during his minority, differeth nothing from a servant" (Epistle). On the contrary, now that The New Law has emancipated him from the tutorship of The Old Law, he is no longer a servant, but a son" (Epistle).


In revealing to us this supernatural filiation of Christ, which affects our Souls more especially at this Season of Christmas, The Liturgy makes The Divinity, under the aspect of Paternity, resplendent in our eyes. Also, the Worship of The Sons of God is summed up in that word that was spoken with Jesus, "Father ! " (Epistle).

The Gospel also discloses to us the glorious mission which the future has in store for this Child, the manifestation of which begins today in the Temple.

"It is the King" (Gradual), "Whose Reign" (Alleluia) "will reach the very depths of the heart" (Gospel). For all, it will be a touchstone, a stumbling block for those who will persecute Him (Communion), a cornerstone "for many in Israel" (Gospel).

Mass: Dum médium.
Second Collect: Of The Octave of The Nativity.
Preface: For Christmas.
Communicantes: For Christmas (during The Octave).

Thursday 29 December 2016

"O Mio Babbino Caro". Maria Callas.




"O mio babbino caro".
From Giachommo Puccini's
"Gianni Schicchi".
Sung by: Maria Callas.
Available on YouTube at

Chicago’s Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica Will Host First Traditional Latin Mass In Over Forty Years. Friday, 30 December 2016. 1500 hrs.




Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows,
Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
Photo: 2 February 2008.
Attribution: © 2008, Jeremy Atherton
Author: Original by w:User:JeremyA
edited version by w:User:Capital photographer
(Wikimedia Commons)

This Article is taken from, and can be read in full at, NEW LITURGICAL MOVEMENT

Chicago’s Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica will host its first Traditional Latin Mass in over forty years at 3:00 pm on Friday, 30 December 2016.

The Mass will be part of the annual Christmas Week Bus Tour of historic Chicago , organised by Prayer Pilgrimages, featured in Extraordinary Faith Episode 4, along with another High Mass, in The Extraordinary Form, at St Mary of the Angels Parish at 12:30 p.m. on Thursday, 29 December 2016.

Everyone is invited to both Masses; you do NOT need to be part of The Bus Tour.

Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica is well-known for being the site of the film, narrated by Archbishop Fulton Sheen, The Immemorial Tridentine Mass.


"The Immemorial Tridentine Mass".
The Traditional Latin Solemn High Easter Mass,
described by Venerable Fulton J. Sheen.
Available on YouTube at

Saint Thomas Of Canterbury. Bishop And Martyr. Feast Day 29 December.



Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Thomas of Canterbury.
Bishop and Martyr.
Feast Day 29 December.

Double.


Red Vestments.




Canterbury Cathedral,
where Saint Thomas was murdered on 29 December 1170.
Photo: 2006.
Attribution must say: WyrdLight.com
Author: Antony McCallum: Who is the uploader, photographer,
full copyright owner and proprietor of WyrdLight.com
(Wikimedia Commons)




This miniature, from an English Psalter, presents an account of the murder of Saint Thomas of Canterbury. Three of the four Knights attack the Archbishop, who is kneeling in Prayer
before the Altar. One of the Knights kicks Saint Thomas to the floor, and sends his Mitre flying.
Artist: Anonymous.
Date: Circa 1250.
Current location: Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, 
United States of America.
Credit line: Acquired by Henry Walters.
Source/Photographer: Walters Art Museum.
(Wikimedia Commons)

If 29 December falls on a Sunday, The Mass of The Sunday within The Octave of The Nativity is said, with a Commemoration of Saint Thomas.

The Season of Christmas, by manifesting to us The Divine Filiation of The Child in The Crib, as the Epistle of The Day reminds us, shows that He is a Priest. His Priesthood consists in making The Life of God penetrate our Souls and in defending, even at the cost of His Life, The Divine Rights of this Beloved Spouse.

The Feast of Saint Thomas Becket shows us that, in participating in The Dignity of The Christ Priest, as Archbishop of Canterbury, he knew how to prove himself, like Christ, The Shepherd, who defends His flock against the ravages of the wolf (Gospel).



A Seal of The Abbot of Arbroath, Scotland, showing the murder of Saint Thomas Becket.
Arbroath Abbey was Founded eight years after the death of Saint Thomas and Dedicated to him. Arbroath Abbey became the wealthiest Abbey in Scotland.
Date: Mediaeval Seal. Photo from the 1850s.
Source: Cosmo Innes and Patrick Chalmers (eds.), Liber S. Thome De Aberbrothoc; Registrorum Abbacie De Aberbrothoc, Volume 2, Edinburgi (Bannatyne Club) 1848-1856, front.
(Wikimedia Commons)

Henry II, King of England, wished him (Thomas) to sanction customs contrary to the liberties of The Church. Saint Thomas knew that to make this Divine Society subservient to the secular power would be to violate her very constitution, and so he declared that "as a Priest of Jesus Christ, he would willingly suffer death in defence of The Church of God".

He was slain in his Cathedral by the King's soldiers on 29 December 1170.

Against those who seek to enslave The Church, let us neither employ the craft of politics nor the weapons of warfare, but, after the example "of the glorious Thomas, who fell by the swords of the wicked in the defence of The Church" (Collect), let us know how to withstand them resolutely with all the moral strength that the defence of The Rights of God inspires.

Mass: Gaudeámus omnes in Dómino.
Second Collect: Of The Octave of The Nativity.
Preface: For Christmas.
Communicantes: For Christmas.

Wednesday 28 December 2016

Richard III. Laurence Olivier. London Films.


Film Trade Magazine Advert for Richard the Third.
Starring: Laurence Olivier.
1955.
Illustration: PICCLICK

The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia.

London Films Productions is a British film and television production company founded in 1932 by Alexander Korda and from 1936 based at Denham Film Studios in Buckinghamshire, near London.

The company's productions included The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), Things to Come (1936), Rembrandt (1936), and The Four Feathers (1939). The facility at Denham was taken over in 1939 by Rank and merged with Pinewood to form D and P Studios.

The outbreak of War necessitated that The Thief of Bagdad (1940) was completed in California, although Korda's handful of American-made films still had Big Ben for their opening Corporate Logo.


Laurence Olivier
(1907–1989).
Illustration: IMDB

After a restructuring of Korda's U.K. operations in the Late-1940s, London Films were now made at Shepperton. One of these was The Third Man (1949). The Company's film The Sound Barrier (1952) won The Academy Award for Best Sound.

More than forty years after Korda died in January 1956, the Company returned to active film-making in 1997, with Morgan Mason as the Chief Executive.

Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British Stage of the Mid-20th-Century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles. Late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles.


Among Olivier's films are Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director: Henry V (1944), Hamlet (1948), and Richard III (1955).

Olivier's honours included a Knighthood (1947), a Life Peerage (1970) and The Order of Merit (1981). For his on-screen work, he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.

The National Theatre's largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in The Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by The Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, and Joan Plowright from 1961 until his death.


The Logo for London Films.
Source: No URL: Image taken from Richard III (1955).
Article: London Films.
Portion use: The entire Logo is used to convey the
meaning intended 
and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the intended image.
Low Resolution: The Logo is of a size and resolution sufficient to maintain the quality
intended by the Company or Organisation, without being unnecessarily High Resolution.
Purpose of use: The image is used to identify the Organisation London Films, a subject of public interest. The significance of the Logo is to help the reader identify the Organisation, assure the reader that they have reached the right Article containing critical commentary about the Organisation, and illustrate the Organisation's intended branding message in a way that words alone could not convey.
Use of the Logo in the Article complies with Wikipedia non-free content policy,
Logo guidelines, and fair use under United States Copyright Law as described above.
(Wikipedia)

Richard III is a 1955 British Technicolor film adaptation of William Shakespeare's historical play of the same name, also incorporating elements from his Henry VI, Part 3. It was directed and produced by Sir Laurence Olivier, who also played the lead role.

The cast includes many noted Shakespearean actors, including a quartet of Knights. The film depicts Richard plotting and conspiring to grasp the throne from his brother King Edward IV, played by Sir Cedric Hardwicke. In the process, many are killed and betrayed, with Richard's evil leading to his own downfall. The prologue of the film states that history without its legends would be "a dry matter indeed", implicitly admitting to the artistic licence that Shakespeare applied to the events of the time.


Of the three Shakespearean films directed by Olivier, Richard III received the least critical praise at the time, although it was still acclaimed. It was the only one not to be nominated for Best Picture at The Academy Awards, though Olivier's acting performance was nominated.

The film gained popularity through a US re-release in 1966, which broke box office records in many Cities. Many critics now consider Olivier's Richard III his best screen adaptation of Shakespeare. The British Film Institute has pointed out that, given the enormous TV audiences it received when shown in The USA in 1955, the film "may have done more to popularise Shakespeare than any other single Work".

Childermass. The Holy Innocents. Feast Day, Today, 28 December.




"The Massacre of the Innocents".
Artist: Tintoretto (1518–1594).
Date: 1582-1587.
Current location: Scuola Grande di San Rocco, Venice, Italy.
Source/Photographer: Web Gallery of Art:
(Wikimedia Commons)




"The Coventry Carol".
The Carol refers to
The Massacre of The Innocents.
Sung by Charlotte Church.
Available on YouTube at


The Coventry Carol.

Lully, lullay, Thou little tiny Child, 
By, by, lully, lullay. 
Lullay, thou little tiny Child, 
By, by, lully, lullay.

O sisters, too, how may we do, 
For to preserve this day 
This poor youngling for whom we do sing 
By, by, lully, lullay.

Herod, the king, in his raging, 
Charged he hath this day 
His men of might, in his own sight, 
All children young to slay.

Then, woe is me, poor Child for Thee ! 
And ever mourn and sigh 
For thy parting neither say nor sing, 
By, by, lully, lullay.

The Holy Innocents.
Martyrs.
Feast Day 28 December.

Station at Saint Paul-without-the Walls.

Indulgence of 30 years and 30 Quarantines.

Double of The Second-Class
   with Simple Octave.

Violet Vestments.
   (If Sunday; Red).




"Massacre of The Innocents".
Artist: Matteo di Giovanni (1435–1495).
Date: 1488.
Current location: National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy.
Source/Photographer: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei.
DVD-ROM, 2002. 
ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH.
Permission: [1].
(Wikimedia Commons)




"The Massacre of The Innocents".
Artist: Workshop of Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640).
English: Photographed during the exhibition "L'Europe de Rubens"
(The Europe of Rubens) in The Louvre-Lens.

photographiée lors de l’exposition temporaire
« L'Europe de Rubens » au musée du Louvre-Lens.
Deutsch: während der Ausstellung "L'Europe de Rubens"
(Das Europa Rubens) im Louvre-Lens fotografiert.
Nederlands: gefotografeerd tijdens de tentoonstelling "
"L'Europe de Rubens" (Rubens en zijn Tijd) in de Louvre-Lens.
Source/Photographer: User:Jean-Pol GRANDMONT (2013).
(Wikimedia Commons)

Text from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia,
unless otherwise stated.


The Massacre of The Innocents is the Biblical narrative of Infanticide, by Herod the Great, the Roman-appointed King of the Jews. According to the Gospel of Saint Matthew, Herod ordered the execution of all young male children in the "Vicinity of Bethlehem, so as to avoid the loss of his throne to a new-born King of the Jews, whose birth had been announced to him by The Magi.

In typical Matthean style, it is understood as the fulfillment of an Old Testament Prophecy: "Then was fulfilled that which was spoken through Jeremiah, the Prophet, saying: "A voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because her children are no more."

The number of infants killed is not stated, however, The Holy Innocents, although not Christians, have been claimed as Martyrs for Christianity.

In Saint Matthew's account, Magi from The East go to Judea in search of the new-born King of the Jews, having "seen His Star in The East". The King, Herod the Great, directs them to Bethlehem, and asks them to let him know who this King is when they find Him. They find Jesus and honour Him, but an Angel tells them not to alert Herod, and they return home by another way. The Massacre of The Innocents is at Matthew 2:1618, although the preceding Verses form the context:


When [The Magi] had gone, an Angel of The Lord appeared to Joseph, in a dream. "Get up", he said, "take The Child and His Mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for The Child to kill Him". So, he got up, took The Child and His Mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod.

And so was fulfilled what The Lord had said through the Prophet: "Out of Egypt I called My Son." When Herod realised that he had been outwitted by The Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem, and its vicinity, who were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from The Magi.

Then, what was said through the Prophet Jeremiah, was fulfilled: "A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more."


The story's first appearance in any source other than Matthew is in the apocryphal Proto-Evangelium of James of circa 150 A.D., which excludes The Flight into Egypt and switches the attention of the story to the infant John the Baptist:

"And when Herod knew that he had been mocked by The Magi, in a rage he sent murderers, saying to them: Slay the children from two years old and under. And Mary, having heard that the children were being killed, was afraid, and took The Infant and swaddled Him, and put Him into an ox-stall. And Elizabeth, having heard that they were searching for John, took him and went up into the hill-country, and kept looking where to conceal him. And there was no place of concealment. And Elizabeth, groaning with a loud voice, says: O mountain of God, receive mother and child. And immediately the mountain was cleft, and received her. And a light shone about them, for an Angel of The Lord was with them, watching over them."


The first non-Christian reference to The Massacre is recorded four Centuries later, by Macrobius (lived 395 A.D. - 423 A.D.), who writes in his Saturnalia:

"When he [Emperor Augustus] heard that, among the boys in Syria under two years old whom Herod, king of the Jews, had ordered to kill, his own son was also killed, he said: 'It is better to be Herod's pig, than his son'."

The "Coventry Carol" is a Christmas Carol dating from the 16th-Century. The Carol was performed in Coventry, England, as part of a Mystery Play called The Pageant of The Shearmen and Tailors. The Play depicts The Christmas Story from Chapter Two in the Gospel of Matthew.


The Carol refers to The Massacre of The Innocents, in which Herod ordered all male infants under the age of two, in Bethlehem, to be killed. The lyrics of this haunting Carol represent a mother's lament for her doomed child. It is the only Carol that has survived from this Play. The author is unknown. The oldest known Text was written down by Robert Croo, in 1534, and the oldest known printing of the melody dates from 1591. The Carol is Traditionally sung a cappella.

Mediaeval Liturgical Drama recounted Biblical events, including Herod's Slaughter of The Innocents. The Pageant of The Shearmen and Tailors, performed in Coventry, England, included a haunting song about the episode, now known as The Coventry Carol.

The Ordo Rachelis Tradition of four Plays includes The Flight into Egypt, Herod's succession by Archelaus, The Return from Egypt, as well as The Massacre, all centred on Rachel weeping, in fulfillment of Jeremiah's Prophecy. These events were, likewise, in one of the Mediaeval N-Town Plays.


The theme of "The Massacre of The Innocents" has provided artists of many nationalities with opportunities to compose complicated depictions of massed bodies in violent action. It was an alternative to The Flight into Egypt in Cycles of The Life of The Virgin. It decreased in popularity in Gothic Art, but revived in the larger works of The Renaissance, when artists took inspiration for their "Massacres" from Roman reliefs of The Battle of The Lapiths and Centaurs, to the extent that they showed the figures heroically nude.

The horrific subject matter, of The Massacre of The Innocents, also provided a comparison of ancient brutalities with early modern ones during the period of Religious Wars that followed The Reformation - Bruegel's versions show the soldiers carrying banners with The Habsburg Double-Headed Eagle (often used at the time for Ancient Roman soldiers).

The 1590 version, by Cornelis van Haarlem, also seems to reflect the violence of the Dutch Revolt. Guido Reni's early (1611) Massacre of The Innocents, in an unusual vertical format, is at Bologna. The Flemish painter, Peter Paul Rubens, painted the theme more than once. One version, now in Munich, was engraved and reproduced as a painting as far away as colonial Peru. Another, his grand Massacre of The Innocents, is now at the Art Gallery of Ontario, in Toronto, Canada. The French painter, Nicolas Poussin, painted The Massacre of The Innocents (1634) at the height of The Thirty Years' War. The Massacre is the opening Plot used in the 2006 movie, The Nativity Story.


The Commemoration of The Massacre of these "Holy Innocents" — considered by some Christians as the first Martyrs for Christ — first appears as a Feast of The Western Church in The Leonine Sacramentary, dating from about 485 A.D. The earliest Commemorations were connected with The Feast of The Epiphany, 6 January: Prudentius mentions The Innocents in his Hymn on The Epiphany; Pope Leo I, in his Homilies on The Epiphany, speaks of The Innocents; Fulgentius of Ruspe (6th-Century A.D.) gives a Homily "De Epiphania, deque Innocentum nece et muneribus magorum" ("On Epiphany, and on The Murder of The Innocents and The Gifts of The Magi").

Today, the date of Holy Innocents' Day, also called The Innocents' Day, or Childermass, or Children's Mass, varies. 27 December is the date for West Syrians (Syriac Orthodox Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, and Maronite Church) and East Syrians (Chaldeans and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church). 28 December is the date in The Church of England, The Lutheran Church and The Roman Catholic Church (in which, except on Sunday, Violet Vestments were worn before 1961, instead of Red Vestments, the normal Liturgical Colour for Martyrs). The Eastern Orthodox Church Celebrates The Feast Day on 29 December.

In The 1962 Roman Catholic Calendar, the Violet Vestments for Holy Innocents were eliminated (Red Vestments used, instead), and, if 28 December fell on a Sunday, this Feast was Commemorated on The Sunday within The Octave of Christmas. This was changed in a later revision of The Church Calendar.


In Spain, Hispanic America and the Philippines, 28 December is a day for pranks, equivalent to April Fool's Day in many Countries. One of the more famous of these Traditions is the annual "Els Enfarinats" Festival of Ibi, in Alicante, Spain, where the inocentadas dress up in full military dress and incite a flour fight. Various Catholic Countries had a Tradition (no longer widely observed) of role reversal between children and their adult educators, including Boy Bishops, perhaps a Christianised version of the Roman annual feast of the Saturnalia (when even slaves played "masters" for a day). In some cultures, such as Mediaeval England and France, it was said to be an unlucky day, when no new project should be started.

In addition, there was a Mediaeval custom of refraining, where possible, from work on the day of the week on which The Feast of "Innocents Day" had fallen, for the whole of the following year until the next Innocents Day. This was presumably mainly observed by the better-off. Philippe de Commynes, the Minister of King Louis XI of France, tells in his memoirs how the King observed this custom, and describes the trepidation he felt when he had to inform the King of an emergency on the day.


The following Text is from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal.

The Feast of The Holy Innocents dates back to about the 5th-Century A.D. The Massacre of these Infants manifests The Royal Character of Jesus. It is because Herod believed the words of The Magi, and those of the High Priests, whom he consulted, that he sees a rival in The Infant of Bethlehem and jealously pursues Him "that is born King of the Jews" [Gospel of The Epiphany].

But, as The Church sings, "O cruel Herod, why thus fear, Thy King and God Who comes below ? No Earthly Crown comes He to take, Who Heavenly Kingdoms doth bestow" [Hymn for Vespers of The Epiphany].

It is this God-King that "The Innocents, by dying, confess" (Collect). "Their passion is The Exaltation of Christ" [Third Nocturn of Matins]. And the praise that they render to God is a subject of confusion in the enemies of Jesus (Introit), for, far from attaining their object, they only served to fulfil the saying of the Prophet "out of Egypt have I called My Son" (Gospel), and that at Bethlehem would be heard the lamentations of the mothers mourning for their children.



To picture their desolation in more vivid colours, Jeremias recalls Rachel, whose lamentations are heard in Rama [a Town situated two hours to the North of Jerusalem, in the old territory of Benjamin, son of Rachel], bewailing her children because they are not.

Like a compassionate mother, The Church robes her Priests, today, in Vestments of mourning, and suppresses the Gloria and Alleluia.

This Feast is celebrated at Saint Paul's-without-the-Walls, because the bodies of several of those Holy Martyrs are Venerated there.

Let us show forth in Holiness of Life, The Divinity of Christ, that was confessed by the death of these innocent Souls children.

Every Parish Priest celebrates Mass for the people of his Parish.


Mass: Ex ore infántium.
The Gloria in excelsis, the Alleluia, and the Ita Missa est are said only if The Feast falls on a Sunday, and on The Octave Day of The Feast Day (4 January).
Second Collect: Of The Octave of The Nativity of Our Lord.
Preface: For Christmas.
Communicantes: For Christmas.
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